1
Q
scientific name
A
equus caballus
equus= greek for quickness
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2
Q
wild herds
A
3-20 animals led by mature male; rest is females and their young
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3
Q
4 speeds called gaits
A
walk, trot, canter, gallop
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4
Q
lifespan
A
25-30 years
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5
Q
gestation
A
340 days (almost a year!!), range 320-370
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6
Q
horses are _____ breeders
A
seasonal (summer)
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7
Q
colt
A
entire male 3 yrs or less
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8
Q
stallion
A
entire male 4 years and over
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9
Q
gelding
A
castrated male of any age
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10
Q
filly
A
female 3 years of less
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11
Q
mare
A
female 4 years and over
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12
Q
first horses originated in
A
north america and then spread to asia and europe
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13
Q
were first domesticated in ____ and initially used for:
A
asia 3000-4000BC
used for milk and meat, eventually as a form of transportation
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14
Q
value for domestication
A
speed for transport, carrying capacity, diastema for control, absence of horns
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15
Q
wild horses today
A
- 3 species of zebra
- wild ass (african and asian)
- przewalksi’s horse
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16
Q
ability to digest food
A
hind hut fermenters, thrive on poor quality plant fibre
adapted to graze instead of browse
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17
Q
diastema
A
gap between front incisors and rear grinding teeth
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18
Q
limb and foot structure allows them to
A
be v fast! run up to 70km/h for short distances
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19
Q
how did horses adapt to graze
A
- long muzzle and ever erupting teeth
- ability to digest
- migrating animal
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20
Q
teeth evolution
A
- teeth w transverse shearing evolved
- premolars became full molars
- hypsodont (high crowned) teeth, ever erupting
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21
Q
digestion time
A
- rumen digestion is more efficient but more time consuming; they can’t jump up and run away
- horse 48 hr; 70% efficient as cow
- do better of poorer quality diet
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22
Q
how often graze
A
60-80% of time
commonly drink in association w feeding
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23
Q
hindgut fermenters
A
big vat to allow microbes to digest grass
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24
Q
boxed horses vs paddock horse feeding time
A
boxed; 47% of time
paddock; 60-80% time
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25
Q
limb and foot structure
A
- arrangement of tendons on long slender limbs; store elastic energy; faster gait and endurance
- ulna and radius is fused; long solid limb for distance running;; poor turning ability
- hoof= bioengineering miracle; tough, protective, evergrowing
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26
Q
where are blindspots
A
- horse has a blind-spot straight in front or forehead the width of the horse
- also directly behind it
- cannot see itself
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27
Q
hearing
A
- large erect, motile pinnae
- more sensitive to sound than humans
- hearing to 34 kHz compared to 20 kHz in humans
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28
Q
A
- well developed vomeronasal organ; flehman response
- horses meet nose to nose and smell each other
- horses are sensitive to smells in their environment
- smell v important in feed selection
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29
Q
taste
A
- attracted by sweetness/ sugar
- reject salty, sour and bitter tastes at about the same level of acceptance as humans
- train to accept high levels of electrolyte before race
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30
Q
touch
A
- horses v sensitive to tactile stimulation; esp muzzle and ears
- v well developed; can sense fly landing
- muscles ripple to disturb flies
- muzzle sensitive; whiskers
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31
Q
horses are predators or prey animals
A
prey
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32
Q
general social organization: harem type
A
- live in large herds comprising several smaller bands
- basic family/ breeding group; harem band
- harem stallion, few mature females and their young offspring
- bachelor bands
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33
Q
general social organization: territorial type
A
- breeding males guard a territory
- gain access to females that travel through their territory
- females travel alone or in temporary pairs
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34
Q
locomotion begins within first ____ of life
A
hour
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35
Q
how long do they do standing rest per day
A
8-12 hours
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36
Q
how long do they go through recumbent rest per day
A
0-6 hours per day
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37
Q
grooming and insect control behaviours
A
- rolling, shaking
- autogrooming; nibbling, biting, licking or rubbing
- tail swishing
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38
Q
how often do they urinate/ defecate per day
A
4-15x per day
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39
Q
stallion fecal behvaiour
A
fecal pile displays; scent marking, aka stud piles
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40
Q
non- verbal communication
A
ear, eye, muzzle, body position
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41
Q
verbal communication
A
- snorting; excited or uncertain about object/ situation
- nicker; friendly, fairly uqiet greeting
- neigh/ whinny; friendly call; high pitched
- squealing; friendly or excitable warning
- blowing; relaxed noise
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42
Q
play behaviour
A
- object; sniff, bite, nuzzle, pick up/ shake/ carry/ toss
- pawing at objects
- running to and from objects
- circling or running in loops
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43
Q
training behaviours
A
- highly flexible and adjustable/ adaptable
- pressure and release
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44
Q
3 major groups of horse breeds
A
heavy, light, ponies
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45
Q
how do you measure horses
A
cm or hands and inches
1 hand= 4 inches= 10cm
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46
Q
near side and off side
A
near= horses left side
off = horses right side
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47
Q
light horse breeds (most predominant type)
A
- thoroughbred
- australian stock horse
- quarter horse
- arabian
- standardbred
- miniature horse
- show horses
- warm blood
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48
Q
heavy horse breeds
A
- clydesdale
- percheron
- cold blooded (related to temperament)
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49
Q
ponies
A
- welsh mountain pony
- shetland
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50
Q
heavy horses
A
- as name implies heavy
- used originally for labour; pulling carts, ploughing fields
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51
Q
clydesdale
A
- heavy
- from scotland
- 16-18 hands
- usually characteristic colour
- used to be work horses, now used for driving and ploughing competitions
- driving= horse and carriage
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52
Q
percheron
A
- heavy
- originated in france
- 14-16 hands
- usually grey or black
- draft animal
- also meat production
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53
Q
light horses
A
- built for speed, agility, endurance, athletic
- usually for riding
- hot blooded relates to temperament
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54
Q
thoroughbred
A
- light horse
- originated from UK
- 15-17 hands
- fast, athletic
- flat racing, jumps racing, other sports
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55
Q
australian stock horse
A
- light horse
- originated from aus
-14-16 hands - founded in 1970s; original horses waler types
- the breed for every need
- used for work, sport and pleasure
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56
Q
quarter horse
A
- light horse
- originated from USA
- 14-16 hands
- many colours
- riding and racing
- heavier build than aus stock horse
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57
Q
arabians
A
- light horse
- originated in middle east
- 14-15 hands
- one of v original horse breeds
- diff colours
- diff body type to other breeds; finer, also head and limbs
- used for pleasure, show, endurance
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58
Q
warm blood
A
- light horse
- “type” horse; different warmblood breeds
- cross between hot and cold
- have aspects of both types
- strong and sure footed
- used for sport
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59
Q
standardbred
A
- light horse
- from USA
- 15-16 hands
- used for harness racing and riding
- harness racing; unique gait, pacing
- legs on same side; move forward together instead of opposite
- retired harness racing horses becoming v popular
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60
Q
show horses
A
- not a specific breed
- often divided into hack, galloway and pony depending on size
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61
Q
miniature horse
A
- light horse
- originated in USA
- 8 ish hands
- used for harness, showing, companion, therapy etc
- should possess all characteristics of good conformation of other types
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62
Q
ponies
A
- smaller
- less than 14 hands
- usually have thick coat, neck and wide body, as well as shorter legs and head
- adapted to harsh environments and were originally working horses
63
Q
welsh mountain pony
A
- pony
- from wales
- 12 hands
- riding body and light draft
- different sections (A-D)
- kids riding ponies
64
Q
shetland pony
A
- pony
- from scotland
- up to 12 hands
- used for riding and light draft, harness
- ridden extensively by children
- kind disposition
65
Q
przewalskis horse
A
- last surviving subspecies of wild horse
- driven to extinction in wild siince 19060s via interbreeding
66
Q
horse ID methods
A
- sex, colour, age, natural markings, acquired markings, congenital abnormalities, brands
- microchip
- DNA
67
Q
4 coat colours
A
- chestnut (golden reddy, yellowy, mane and tail same colour)
- bay (brown, mane and tail are black)
- brown (uniform black skin pigment, muzzle brown)
- black (uniform black skin pigment, muzzle is black)
68
Q
grey horses
A
- body colour uneven mixture of coloured and white hairs
- foal one of the 4 basic colours at birth
- white develops with age until coat transformed to white
- skin remains dark
69
Q
white horses
A
- rare
- foals born white (unlike grey horses)
- pigment sometimes on poll, ears and tail
- sometimes blue eyes
- susceptible to skin cancers
70
Q
horse bday
A
all horses considered to have bday on aug 1 in southern hemisphere
(jan 1 in northern hemisphere)
71
Q
how many horses will have natural white markings somewhere
A
- 5/6
- good way to ID, must be accurately and concisely located, sized and defined
72
Q
mixed vs bordered white marking
A
- mixed; contains hairs of background colour
- bordered; border of mixed hairs and then middle completely white
73
Q
shapes of head markings
A
- star ( on forehead)
- stripe (stripe down face)
- blaze (thick stripe, covers lots of face)
- snip (on nose)
- can be combos of any of above
74
Q
flesh marks
A
- patches of skin w pigment absent
- drawn solid on ID forms
75
Q
leg markings
A
- spots, tufts and patches of coloured hairs
- everything described and illustrated
- hoof colour; usually black
76
Q
leg markings from highest sock to lowest
A
- full cannon
- three quarter cannon
- half cannon
- white above fetlock
- full pastern
- half pastern
- coronet
77
Q
whorls
A
- permanent irregular arrangement of coat hair where the hair stream changes direction
- varies in every animal; like fingerprints
- cannot be brushed or clipped out
- position described in relation to eye level and midline of head
- absence of whorls on forehead must be noted
- drawn as a cross on id forms
78
Q
feathered whorls
A
- two sweeps of hair meet along a line at different angles to form a feather
- drawn as a line, X——
79
Q
acquired markings
A
- scars drawn as arrows
- saddle and girth marks
- dropped hips
- nicks and tears in nostrils/ ears
- if it isn’t going to change we record it
80
Q
congenital abnormalities
A
- any congenital marking or individual peculiarity that will distinguish the animal
- wall eye; lack of iris pigment
- roman nose caved out
- dished nose; caved in
- muscle indentation; prophets thumb
- dental abnormality
- prophets thumb; just like a random dent
81
Q
freeze branding
A
- liquid nitrogen at - 196 degrees
- kills colour producing cells in skin and hair; new hair will be white
- most horses branded w owners brand and numbers; foal drop and year
- near side L shoulder in qld
82
Q
tattooing
A
occurs in north america
upper lip
83
Q
microchips
A
- all thoroughbreds born from 2003 onwards
- all registered w equestrian australia
- all horses vaccinated against hendra
- 15 digit number
- must be implanted by vet
- nuchal ligament of horse
84
Q
aus produces the ____ highest number of thoroughbreds foals in the world after north america
A
second
85
Q
FEI
A
federation equestrian international
- olympic sports
- dressage
- showjumping
- eventing
86
Q
welfare issues; ill treatment and neglect
A
- ill treatment and neglect
- accidental or deliberate
- incorrect/ under feeding
- failure to provide normal care
87
Q
welfare issues; training/ riding methods
A
- whips
- jumps racing and rodeos
- other tools; spurs, juggers
- surigical procedures
- outdates training methods
88
Q
other welfare issues
A
- rollkur; head pulled too far down
- doping
- abnormal limb sensitivity; competition horse cannot have abnormal limb sensitivity
- whips have strict limitations on amount of use
89
Q
stereotypies
A
- weaving
- stall walking
- pawing
- crib biting
- nodding/ head shaking
- wind sucking
- wood chewing
- tongue displacement
- head movements
- selt mutilation
90
Q
pasture and hay contains what nutrients
A
water, vitamins, minerals, protein, fat, carbs, (sugars, starch and fibre)
91
Q
horses not working or utilizing energy will quickly become
A
obese if grazing lots of green grass or are overfed w supplements; can lead to insulin dysregulation and laminitis
92
Q
show horses usually ____ than athletic horses
A
fatter
93
Q
general feeding rules
A
- unlimited access to fresh, clean water
- feed only high quality ingredients
- provide adequate forage; hay and/or pasture
- select concentrate designed for type of horse
- monitor body condition
- if under or over weight evaluate feeding program
- restrict amount of starch per meal
- feed regularly
- diet changes slow
- feed supplements for specific reason
94
Q
how much forage per day should horses have
A
1.5% BW a day is ideal
95
Q
how much starch should horses have
A
not more than 1.5/g/kg BW as large risk of large intestinal disturbances
96
Q
how regular should you feed horses
A
- grain 1-3x per day depending on requirements
- forage; continual access (preferable) or 3x a day
97
Q
what is most important nutrient
A
water ~75% of their bodyweight is water
98
Q
how much water should a 500kg horse have per day
A
2/ml/kg/hr = 25L a day but over 50L a day if hot weather
99
Q
what function do starch and carbs have
A
- replace glycogen stores; stored in large skeletal muscles, essential for racing, running, jumping
- increases starches can cause colic
- increase starch and sugar can cause laminitis
100
Q
laminitis
A
separation of the hoof wall from the foot, v painful and difficult to treat
101
Q
roughages for horses
A
pasture, legumes (lucerne, clover) or cereals (oaten chaff)
102
Q
concentrates for horses
A
grains such as oats, barley, sorghum, maize and rice and commercial mixes
103
Q
protein supplements
A
soyabean meal, lucerne, lupins, cottonseed meal, sunflower seeds, linseed meal
104
Q
to maintain body condition, a horse in light work must consume
A
2% of its body weight daily as dry matter
105
Q
feed must be what 3 things
A
palatable, economical and practical
106
Q
why is equine dentistry necessary
A
- upper check teeth overlap lower
- on soft feed incomplete wear creates sharps enamel points (SEPs) due to circular grinding motion of teeth
- SEPs can ulcerate cheek mucosa
- routine dentistry removes them (yearly in adults)
107
Q
dentistry
A
- chemical restraint
- hausmann gag keeps mouth open
- stand to keep head in optimal position
- light for clear view
108
Q
hoof grows approx
A
6-12 mm each month, takes 9-12 months to replace entire hoof
109
Q
how often trim hoof
A
- 4-6 weeks to accommodate shoeing
- 3-4 weeks in living and competing barefoot
110
Q
hooves left long and cracked may develop pathology such as
A
- tendon/ ligament issues
- hoof abscesses
111
Q
the production of ________ of the periople, hoof wall and bars, white line, sole and frog is constant
A
tubular horn
112
Q
is there a standard vaccine program for horses
A
- no
- evaluate:
- risk of disease
- consequences of disease
- efficacy of product
- potential for adverse rxn
- cost of vaccine vs potential cost of disease
113
Q
main diseases in aus
A
- tetanus (clostridium)
- strangles
- hendra
- others include herpes, influenza, salmonella, rotavirus
114
Q
tetanus
A
- bacterial disease that lives in soil; clostridium tetani
- caused by bacteria entering the body through wounds
- bacteria produces neurotoxin –> causes spastic paralysis (rigid limbs, erect ears, exposed third eyelids, difficulty walking, eating, drinking, breathing, death)
- expensive and hard to cure
- easy to prevent w vax (inactivated vaccine)
- from 3months of age, 4 weeks after that, then every 12 months
115
Q
strangles
A
-streptococcus equi infection; passed from horse to horse through nasal/ oral secretions
- contagious but usually non fatal
- painful swallowing and breathing, cough, swollen lymph nodes, purulent nasal discharge
- vaccine is 12, 14 and 16 weeks, then annual booster
116
Q
hendra virus
A
- henipavirus
- bats –> horses –> humans
- flying foxes infected do not show signs
- many many different symptoms in horses
- subunit vaccine
- available and administered by vets only
- all horses vaccinated must be microchipped
- from 4 months old, then booster 3-6 weeks later, then booster 6 months later, then annual boosters
117
Q
adverse rate of hendra
A
-.28% which means one in every 350 but most are milkd
118
Q
what problems do worms cause
A
- weight loss
- tail rubbing
- poor growth
- diarrhea
- colic
- death
119
Q
types of worms
A
- large strongyles ( historically important, uncommon now)
- small strongyles (v common, cause disease when infection reaches high levels)
- tapeworms
- roundworms (in young horses)
- pin worms
- bots
- habronema (summer sores)
120
Q
worm control startegies
A
- worm every 6-8 weeks
- frequent rotation of wormers
- fecal egg counts; identify which horses require more frequent dosing
- fecal egg count reduction testing (FECRT) to see if treatment worked
121
Q
low shedders, moderate and high shedders
A
- low: 0-200 eggs per gram
- moderate; 200-500 eggs per gram
- high shedders; more than 500 eggs per gram
122
Q
foals deworming
A
- roundworms and ascarids are most significant
- treat 3-4x in first year, first dose at 2-3 months old
- after 6 months old focus on strongyles
- as they mature become immune to roundworm
- as they mature should be treated as high shedding adults against strongyles, so 3-4 treatments each year
123
Q
managing environment for worms
A
- remove feces every 3-5 days
- worms are spread by eggs from eggs in feces developing into larva; takes about 3 days
- avoid turning out foals or weanlings on pasture recently grazed by young adults
124
Q
worming tips
A
- choose products that contain both macrocyclic lactones (-mectins) and praziquantal –> will cover against all types
- dont underdose
- perform FECs
125
Q
reproductive activity correlates to
A
day length
summer breeders
126
Q
maiden mares vs brood mares
A
maiden; haven’t had a foal yet
brood; multiparous
127
Q
gestation period
A
320-370, average 340 days
128
Q
estrus cycle
A
- polyestrus
- repeated cycles in spring and summer
- average cycle length 21-22 days
- estrus 4-7 days “in season”
-diestrus 14-15 days
129
Q
how to determining estrus
A
TUW: tail up, urinating, winking
130
Q
ovulation
A
occurs around day 5 of estrus, mating must occur close to ovulation as possible, 0% chance of fertilization over 24hrs post ovulation
131
Q
if goal to have mare foal as close to aug 1 as possible should be bred
A
sep 15 year before
not usually cycling at this time so artificial lighting needed
132
Q
lighting to induce ovulation
A
- 16 daylight, 8 hours dark
- 8-10 weeks needed
- flash lighting protocols; one hour exposure of artificial light given 9-10 hrs after sunset
133
Q
2 yr old colts can serve:
adult stallions can serve:
A
2 mares/ week
2 mares/ day or more
134
Q
daily sperm production (DSP) peaks in
A
spring/ summer
135
Q
stallion behaviour
A
- seeks out mares via teasing
- start at shoulder and progress to flank
- flehman response
- paddock breeding; may serve same mare repeatedly
- aggression; protection of herd, drive mares to new area, aggressive towards other stallions
136
Q
hand serving requires daily
A
heat detection or scan ovaries
basically where mare is in estrus and restrained stallion is brought to breeding shed, teased and penis washed and then breeds
137
Q
paddock mating average conception rate
A
66%
138
Q
selection of breeding stock based on the 3P’s
A
pedigree, performance and prettiness
139
Q
in thoroughbred industry live foals/ mares covered 66% why is this the case?
A
1) inappropriate breeding season sep-dec to achieve bday of aug 1 instead of natural breeding season
2) selection of breeding stock on basis of performance rather than fertility
3) persevering w breeding from aging mares and stallions because of superior racing ability of their offspring
4) breeding all mares regardless of reproductive performance and when yearling prices are high
140
Q
different breeding systems
A
- natural service; paddock and hand serving
- AI
- embryo transfer
- cloning, icsi etc
141
Q
artificial insemination
A
- banned in thoroughbreds
- fresh, chilled or frozen
- w good sem*n may get good preg rates 72 hrs prior to ovulation
- extender protects sperm by preventing damage by seminal plasma, proving nutrients and cooling buffers and antibiotic component
-250-500 million progressively motile sperm (PMS) inserted into mare (10-30ml)
142
Q
embryo transfer
A
- for mares that can’t have foal (fertility issues, older, competition and must remain non preggo, or to get multiple offspring from mare in one season)
- donor mare inseminated, embryo is flushed on day 7 and implanted into recipients mare (genetic offspring of donor)
- offspring has donor mare genetics
143
Q
determining pregnancy (when US)
A
- 11-16 days post breeding; don’t want twins; one is crushed
- 30 days
- 45 days; preg certs completed at this time
144
Q
foaling
A
- valuable mares about to foal kept under continuous close observation
- best in open yard w minimal interference
- usually foal at night
- udders begin to hypertrophy 7-14 days before, pelvic ligaments relax and vulva lengthens
- milk drips means foal within 24 hr usually
145
Q
stage 1 foaling
A
- uterine contractions and cervix dilation
- varies in length
- mare will leave herd
- walks/ trots around yard
- rolls, begins to sweat, looks at abdomen (false colic)
146
Q
stage 2 foaling
A
- proper foaling
- water breaks
- usually mares lying down
- 10-20 mins after water breaks foaling should occur (5 mins after forelegs should appear)
- foal usually born w amnion
- front feet and heard first
- live foal will break its way out of sax
- after delivery mare rises to feet and umbilical cord breaks
147
Q
stage 3 foaling
A
- passing of placenta
- occurs 15-120 mins after foal
- if longer than 6 hours call vet
- mare may show signs of colic
- examine placenta
148
Q
maternal behaviour
A
- bonding between mare and foal post partum
- licking, nuzzling, vocalization, naturally protective
- do not eat placenta
- nursing behaviour
149
Q
neonate
A
- should be standing 1 hour after birth, suckling within 2 hours, and placenta/ meconium passed by 3 hours (1,2,3 rule)
- eyes and ears open
- no acquired immunity at birth; supply of antibodies colostrum essential within 12 hours
- exhaust quickly
- sensitive to temp changes
150
Q
meconium
A
- foals first feces after being born
- can become impacted
151
Q
neonate considerations
A
1) clean umbilicus w dilute iodine
2) meconium impaction, more common in colts, enema
3) check for failure of passive transfer (colostrum)
- tetanus antitoxin
152
Q
foal rejection
A
- more common in maiden mares (first birth)
- human interruption of normal bodning?
- head tossing, pinned ears, actively moving away
153
Q
foal heat
A
- mares come into estrus 3-14 days post parturition
- can conceive at this time but fertility lower than other cycles
154
Q
caslick’s operation
A
- some mares have poor vulval conformation, allows feces and other contaminants into reproductive tract
- decerases fertility
- calicks operation is a vulvoplasty; seal vulval lips together
- must be opened prior to breeding or foaling
